Hwangs trying to find Chinatown version4 Essay

Race has been a root of a lot of discords and wars for many centuries. From the past to the present, the world has been divided into different sides just because of this. However, the conflict that is caused by ethnicity is not only between people. Oftentimes, it is also between a person and himself. Many people from marginalized ethnic groups face internal struggles due to their incapability to accept their history, status and nationhood. They cannot accept their identity as a member of a certain race. However, people should accept their identity as a person belonging to a certain group of people. The reasons for this are numerous. First of all, acceptance of one’s own identity helps make a person satisfied and happy. Second, a person who cannot accept his identity is ashamed, not only of his race, but also of himself. Third, failure to accept identity prevents people from uniting and advancing a certain cause. Last and most importantly, of all aspects of identity, ethnicity, whether by blood by culture, is something that cannot be changed forever. These arguments will be explained in the following paragraphs using the experiences and opinions of Benjamin and Ronnie, as expressed in the play Trying to Find Chinatown. First, acceptance of one’s own identity helps make a person satisfied and happy. This is because that person has less to desire or wish for. On the contrary, a person who cannot accept his own identity is often dissatisfied and unhappy. Aside from the things that he need and desire such as money, food, success, popularity and friends, he will have an additional desire that is difficult to obtain. He will want to escape his own race and be part of another, which he believes to be better and more superior. This may be shown by the attitudes of Ronnie and Benjamin in the play. Of the two, Benjamin seems to be happier and more satisfied. In fact, he is more at peace. He is able to achieve this happiness from simple things such as the sounds of screaming in Cantonese and Sze-Yup in Chinatown (Hwang 1484). He is happy remembering his father chasing the boys who was shouting to him, â€Å"Gook! Chink! Slant-eyes† (Hwang 1482). He is also at peace sitting on a stoop on Chinatown while sucking hua-moi because he feels at home and he is happy to China as his home (Hwang 1484). This is the exact opposite of how Ronnie feels. He views himself to be nobody (See 1484) because he thinks his ethnic group is not important in the world, thus he cannot get a sense of pride for just being a part of it. While it takes simple things to make Benjamin happy, it also takes simple things to make Ronnie unhappy. He is unhappy using chopsticks, seeing ducks hanging on windows of restaurant and eating dim sum (See Hwang 1483). It is true that there are other factors like wealth and education that determines a person’s happiness and satisfaction. However, what differentiates a person who accepts his race from the one who does not is that, for the latter, satisfaction is always not possible. Despite his riches and the things he achieved, he will always have that secret desire to have a different identity. Second, a person who cannot accept his identity is ashamed, not only of his race, but also of himself. He will always be in denial of what he is. For example, in the play, Ronnie repeatedly denied being a part of the Chinese community such as that one that may be found in Chinatown. For him, such types of places do not tell anyone anything about who he is (See Hwang 1483). He takes any association of himself with his ethnicity as an insult. In the beginning of the play, Benjamin asked Ronnie where Chinatown is and the latter got mad because he though the former chose him to ask because he is Chinese (Hwang 1480). He even tries to hide his ethnicity through his clothes (See Hwang 1480). On the other hand, no trace of this shame as regards his race may be found on Benjamin. In fact, he is the one who tells people that China is his roots (See for example Hwang 1481). He takes pride of his history and his ancestors. Such pride in his background helps him to be proud of himself. Third, dissatisfaction with ethnicity prevents people from uniting and advancing a certain cause. On the contrary, satisfaction will help people achieve unity. Even just between Ronnie and Benjamin, this inability to unite is evident. Instead of being on the same side, they argue on the worth of being Chinese. Ronnie finds being part of a community that has opium dens, chopsticks, ducks, Ms. Saigon and dim sum is not something worth being a part of. On the other hand, Benjamin defends Chinese communities based on these features and more; like the sweets, the railroads and the workers. (See Hwang 1481, 1483-1484) If they cannot unite as between themselves, it is very difficult to imagine them fighting for the cause of their community together. This may be compared to the group of Asian students in the Midwest who went on hunger strike despite the probability that they have not experienced directly the evils they are fighting against (Hwang 1481-1482). Due to their acceptance of their ethnicity, they were able to identify with each other and unite to fight for a cause. Last and most importantly, of all aspects of identity, ethnicity, whether by blood by culture, is something that cannot be changed forever. It is ingrained in the way one talks, speaks and lives everyday. Even for someone like Benjamin who is not ethnic by blood, the Chinese culture has been ingrained in him from his childhood. Therefore, this culture becomes rooted in him too deep that it becomes a part of his identity. This cannot be uprooted easily. As a consequence, the dissatisfaction, shame and other things that arise from dissatisfaction will also stay. Therefore, a person like Ronnie may be able to assimilate to another culture and lead another mind. However, deep in the recesses of his mind, and in his heart, he knows that he does not belong and that there are people who will think such. Therefore, he will always be defensive of his status and ashamed of his past. In conclusion, people should accept the fact that they belong to a certain ethnic group. First of all, this will help them become satisfied and happy. Second, a person who cannot accept his identity is ashamed, not only of his race, but also of himself. Third, failure to accept identity prevents people from uniting and advancing a certain cause. Lastly, ethnicity, whether by blood by culture, is something that cannot be changed and will remain as part of a person’s identity forever.

Century medical history

Century Medical History Report The 18th century consisted of a lot of social and political events. Some of the social happenings that occurred In this century were the French and Indian War, the African slave trade, and many developing Ideas and Inventions were growing throughout the world. Many medical happenings were present as well. Smallpox was the mall widespread disease that affected the whole world. Inventions and discoveries were made to solve problems or mysteries. An Important person wasEdward Jennet, who â€Å"discovered† a smallpox vaccination. He did not actually Invent It, because it had already existed. She ran an experiment on an eight year old boy to test the smallpox vaccine. He did this by giving him cowpox first which served as a immunization. Joseph Priestley was an important figure in the 18th century. He discovered the now called element oxygen. Before his discovery, people did not understand what air wasÃ'› or what it was made of. He also was a resear cher, Philosopher and a Chemist. Benjamin Franklin invented the bifocals, although he was greatly known for his work in electrical theory.He established laws on how electricity operates, how to store and use it. He is also famous for his experiment with the kite and key. Rene Lancer invented the Stethoscope. With this he investigated sounds made by the heart and lungs, and compared it to his diagnosis he got from autopsies. He also wrote the first descriptions of bronchitis's and cirrhosis and also classified lung conditions like pneumonia, pleurisy and emphysema. Lastly, John Hunter was a surgeon of the 18th century and is now known as founder of â€Å"scientific surgery. † He made many advances in surgical procedures, while teaching anatomy and surgery.He also first documented reports on â€Å"tube feeding. † By gyring The 18th century consisted of a lot of social and political events. Some of the social happenings that occurred in this century were the French and In dian War, the African slave trade, and many developing ideas and inventions were growing the main widespread disease that affected the whole world. Inventions and discoveries were made to solve problems or mysteries. An important person was Edward Jennet, who â€Å"discovered† a smallpox vaccination. He did not actually invent it, immunization. Joseph Priestley was an important figure in the 18th century. He

Authenticity in Trumpet

Authenticity in Trumpet Jackie Kay’s novel Trumpet depicts characters who naturally challenge the conventional perceptions of race, gender, identity, and other socially constructed aspects of humanity. The text is set in the United Kingdom in the early to mid twentieth century, a time when being unconventional in these respects was particularly taboo. Kays novel establishes that many facets of identity cannot be viewed through an essentialist lens, and Kay uses the believable authenticity of her characters to exemplify this idea by pitting authenticity against societal norms. The main characters of the novel exhibit a variety of unconventional characteristics. Joss Moody, for example, is the biracial offspring of a Black man and a White woman, and the text frequently alludes to the inevitability of his parents’ marriage creating tensions and obstacles during his youth, even without directly depicting much of his childhood. Joss also marries Millie, a White woman, despite everyone perceiving him as incontrovertibly Black; Millie’s own family is reluctant to accept the aberrant relationship that she cements with Joss. Above all, though, the most pertinent challenge to societal norms is the fact that Joss is biologically female and living as a heterosexual man. This challenge is compounded by Joss and Millie adopting a son, Colman, to satisfy Millie’s yearn for a child. Even adopted children are faced with the life of being inherently unconventional, simply because they are raised by guardians other than their biological parents. With regard to the very unconventional characteristics depicted in the text, though, Kay makes a point to balance them against a conventional perception in such a way as to prove that these conventions are not fixed. Rather, conventional observers erroneously fail to consider perspectives that society has marginalized. For example, Kay bothers to mention several times that Colman actually favors his father, especially in his youth; consequently, many people make the mistake of claiming to see a resemblance that biologically is not present. On a more significant level, everyone in the text believes unquestioningly that Joss is a man until it is found out that he is biologically female. Joss lives as a man in every aspect of his life, even in ways that would not be necessary if he were only doing so to be a Jazz musician (i.e. courting, dating, marrying, and having frequent sex with Millie); this lifestyle points to the authenticity of Joss’s masculinity given that the very idea of authenticity is left undefined and undisputed. Even after learning that Joss is biologically female and still consenting to marry him, Millie only questions her relationship with Joss relative to having a baby; even then, she does not question the validity of the relationship. She genuinely asks herself, â€Å"Why can’t he give me a child? He can do everything else. Walk like a man, talk like a man, dress like a man, blow his horn like a man. Why can’t he get me pregnant† (Kay 61). Millie refers to Joss with masculine pronouns and describes the several ways in which Joss is every bit the man she wants. The only aspect of manhood she cannot find in him is the biological one, a factor that speaks to the authenticity of Joss’s gender challenging his sex. Late in the novel, Millie describes part of her and Joss’s morning routine after they had been married for a while, and what she describes further establishes masculinity as Joss’s authentic persona. It also alludes to her love for the man that Joss was as opposed to any attempt to delude herself into believing he was a man in order to facilitate some counterfeit love. She says, I wrapped two cream bandages around his breasts every morning, early. I wrapped them round and round, tight. I didn’t think about anything except doing it well. [†¦] I don’t remember thinking much. I had to help him get dressed so that he could enjoy his day and be comfortable. [†¦] He was always more comfortable when he was dressed. More secure somehow. My handsome tall man. He’d smile at me shyly. He’d say, ‘How do I look?’ And I’d say, ‘Perfect. You look perfect’ (Kay 317-8). In this passage, Millie says multiple times tha t she didn’t think about anything other than ensuring that her husband was comfortable. His security was her primary concern, and after Joss was dressed and secure in his manhood, they were both at ease. She is even able to admire the man she helps to build, an admiration which makes nothing but sense in light of the clichà © school of thought that every good man is a man that a good woman helped to build. Through instances such as the morning routine, Trumpet uses Joss’s authenticity to challenge the conventional views of gender in the early twentieth century. In doing so, Kays text parallels this major challenge with several other ancillary challenges to societal norms. The purpose of this pervasive trope is to show the variability of identity that the most rigid traditional conventions refuse to acknowledge.

Deficit Spending Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Deficit Spending - Term Paper Example Generally deficit spending refers to any kind of expenditure from the government side which exceeds the government earnings or revenues. In various countries the concept of deficit spending is different. The main difference is in the component of deficit spending. Generally government expenditures which are financed by the borrowing from the public categorized under the head of deficit spending in the USA. On the other hand, in countries like India, the concept of deficit spending is different. Here expenditure over the current revenues and non-banks borrowing are included under the head of deficit spending. (Gupta et.al, 2008, p.630) Thoma (2011) in his review has mentioned that â€Å"When the government incurs debt, the important factor to consider is what the government doeswith the money relative to what the private sector would have done with it. If the money wouldhave been used for consumption goods or remained idle in bank accounts, and the government uses it to purchase needed infrastructure instead, then this is better from the perspective of future generations since it enhances the productive capacity that they will inherit.† (Thoma, 2011). Deficit spending can create more jobs, specially the government jobs. It helps in supply of foods, unemployment insurance for the poor, in kind subsidies, medical benefits. (Mulligan, 2012). Spending on infrastructure, road, and transport helps the economy of the country to grow. In these cases the initial expense by the government can yield better result in the future. Like advantage, the deficit spending also has some disadvantages as well. Government spending often discourages the high rate of employment as government subsidy sometime acts negatively in terms of employment. Government spending often hampers the private sector activity. A single unit government subsidy means one less unit investment in the productive sector of the

Looking for Parity in the Gender Pay Gap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Looking for Parity in the Gender Pay Gap - Essay Example The gender pay gap remains a major hindrance to gender equality. There are a number of theoretical explanations of this phenomenon that help identify the various forces contributing to the gender segregation process. These theories can be classified into three: institutional, structural, and individual. This essay discusses these three theories, but it is the contention of the author that no particular explanation is adequate to completely give explanation for the presence of gender segregation. Every theory provides a distinctive explanation of how gender segregation works. The first section briefly discusses the historical roots of gender pay gap, particularly in the UK. The discussion then focuses on the theories, the supply- and demand-side. Basically, this essay critically assesses the argument that gender pay gap is fair in that it reflects the differing work and care priorities of men and women. Historical Roots of Gender Pay Gap In the 1940s, the post-war welfare state in the UK was rooted in the idea that men are the breadwinner while women are the housekeepers. Both the occupational system and the benefit system relied on this idea of a male breadwinner. Nevertheless, the idea was subjected to heavy scrutiny in the 1960s and 1970s, driven by the evolving labour market conditions and by the demands of the Women’s Movement (Bagilhole, 2009, p. 11).... The differences between the occupational profile of men and women, the comparative gap between full-time and part-time employment, and the level of participation of women in the labour market are commonly emphasised as having a considerable effect on the GPG (Grimshaw & Rubery, 2007; Blau & Kahn, 2001). The discourse on the importance of individual objectives against structural limitations has an extensive history in the social sciences. This section discusses two theories of gender wage inequality: Hakim’s Preference theory/Rational Choice and the Human Capital theory. Hakim disputes what she believes is the prevailing feminist perspective on the patterns of female employment. She believes that part-time employment or career breaks are decisions made by women willingly because of their obligations at home and the inadequate availability of childcare services (Davis, Evans, & Lorber, 2006). Instead, the underprivileged position of women in the labour market manifests the conse quences of their changing work preferences. Hakim explains that both men and women are the driving forces in their own lives, hence â€Å"self-classification as a primary earner or secondary earner is determined by chosen identities, rather than imposed by external circumstance or particular jobs† (Davis et al., 2006, p. 255). Basically, the core assumption of Hakim is that the employment experiences of women are mostly the outcome of these women’s decisions. Hakim illustrates, more accurately, that part-time employment is preferred by women, referred to as ‘grateful slaves’, mostly committed to their domestic obligations. On the contrary, ‘self-made women’,

Communism And Nonalienated Labor is best Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communism And Nonalienated Labor is best - Essay Example According to communism, which was highly promoted by Karl Marx, the means of production should be controlled by the state (the state owns everything). Mass production implies producing large amounts of commodities at a cheaper cost. Alienation simply means to segregate things that naturally occur or belong together. An alienated labor implies a worker being separated from his/her products. In division of labor, workers specialize to perform specific tasks assigned to them in production process. Karl Marx (1818-1883), argues that communism and non-alienated labor is the best practice in any society based on the arguments discussed below. Marx in his theory found that there are two groups of people in the capitalist society. On one side, there are the Bourgeois class who owns means of production and wealth. On the other side, there are the Proletarians, who are the working class. The Bourgeois exploit the proletarians. He further argues that the bourgeoisie’s agglomeration of population, centralization of means of production and of wealth in the hands of a few, is not a good practice to the society. It is against the social justice in the society. That, according to Karl Marx, leads to centralization of political power. Regions in a given society tend to be independent though loosely attached. They have different political interest, laws and taxation policies. After centralization, they suddenly become one with a common law, one frontier, one class-interest and similar costs. It is unfair for such a society to exist, given the gap between the upper class (the rich) and the lower class (the poor). Laws governing such a society especially taxation laws and policies might not reflect true scenario on the ground. The bourgeoisie takes advantage of the proletarians since they can easily influence them using their wealth or resources. The working class

Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Depression - Essay Example The major concentration of noradrenergic neurons relates to the locus ceruleus existing within the middle brain. Noradrenaline is essential in inhibiting and stimulating various emotional responses such as anxiety, stress, aggression, and sleep patterns. On the other hand, serotonin regulates pain, anxiety, pleasure, arousal, and sleep behavior during the sleep-wake cycle. In an attempt to manage extreme cases or incidents of depression, medical and psychological practitioners adhere to a set of standard practice process. First, there is need to focus on psychiatric management. Psychiatric management involves the establishment and maintenance of therapeutic alliance and evaluation of the patient’s safety. As a process, it enhances the coordination of patients’ care, monitoring of the patient’s psychiatric status and eventual improvement of the treatment adherence. The process is also fundamental to the provision of appropriate education to the patient and family. During the acute phase, there is need to focus on the utilization of appropriate treatment modalities such as somatic therapies, pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy while adhering to the condition of the patient. In addition, there is a substantial need for medical practitioners and nurses to determine clinical factors that might influence treatment process. The standard pr actice for management of the disease within my community adheres to the state and national practices with the intention of enhancing effectiveness and efficiency in the achievement of improved health conditions of the target audiences. There are diverse characteristics and resources for patients to manage depression effectively and efficiently. First, patients should access information that helps in managing depression. In addition, the patients who manage depression effectively and efficiently have the potentiality of enhancing their

The article "The Health-Care Myths We Live By" Assignment

The article "The Health-Care Myths We Live By" - Assignment Example According to the study by Guallar et al., Beta-carotene, Vitamin E and high doses of vitamin A supplements are harmful. In addition, other more antioxidants, such as folic acid, Vitamin Bs, multivitamin and mineral supplements are not effective in improving and protecting human life due to major chronic diseases (Guallar et al. 850). The research by Guallar et al. has justification to support Krauthammer’s standpoint that all the supplements are ineffective because of their baseless prevention trials. Second, Krauthammer challenges a commonly held belief that Medicaid improves quality health care provision to low-income earners. He criticizes the introduction of Medicaid and its influence on the delivery of quality health services. In support of his claim, Krauthammer refers to a study by Baicker et al. According to the study, the Oregon initiated a limited plan of the Medicaid for low-income adults. Through the lottery, approximately 30,000 beneficiaries had the opportunity to apply for Medicaid and enrolled if they met the requirements (Baicker et al. 1715). However, irrespective of efforts to invest in Medicaid coverage there were no significant improvements in the measured physical health outcomes in recent years of luncheon. The study justifies Krauthammer’s claims that Medicaid is ineffective in improving contact between patients and doctors. Baicker, Katherine., Taubman, Sarah., Allen, Heidi., Bernstein, Mira., Gruber, Jonathan., Newhouse, Joseph., Schneider, Eric., Wright, Bill., Zaslavsky, Alan and Finkelstein, Amy. "The Oregon experiment—effects of Medicaid on clinical outcomes." New England Journal of Medicine 368.18 (2013): 1713-1722. Guallar, Eliseo., Stranges, Saverio., Mulrow, Cynthia., Appel, Lawrence and Miller, Edgar. "Enough Is Enough: Stop Wasting Money On Vitamin And Mineral Supplements." Annals of Internal Medicine 159.12 (2013): 850-851. Krauthammer, Charles. â€Å"The Health-care

Local Government Strategy Training Materials Essay

Local Government Strategy Training Materials - Essay Example Part 1 section 1 clearly states the major purpose of this Act as the need to provide a democratic and effective local government that clearly recognizes the important diversity realized in the country (Local Government Online, 2013). 2) Indeed, the Local Government plays a very important role in New Zealand. In Part 2 Section 10 of the Act, the Local Governments are meant to provide effective governance to the community at the local level and provide a valuable contribution to the social, economic and political wellbeing of the people. The Act further grants the local governments the relevant powers and capacity to ensure they can fulfill their mandate as specified in the Act. The powers of the local authorities are subject to other provisions of the Act and this ensures accountability and consultation of the local governments with other relevant authorities. 3 a) The Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi originated from the case filed in the high court, in which the New Zealand Maori Council sought to ensure that the restructuring of the government did not interfere with the assets which had been owned by the Maori. The principles are therefore intended to ensure a maintaining of the proper working environment between the Maori and the wider community of New Zealand. In this regard, there must be a compromise from the two sides in order to meet the goals of the Principles. The focus here is to ensure partnership and mutual benefit in the context of protecting the interests of the Maori. The principles therefore stress upon good faith, partnership active protection and the importance of compromise from both parties to ensure a proper working relationship (New Zealand Legislation, 2013). b) The clause seeks to provide a framework through which the Maori can be involved in decision making in the local authorities in order to grant them the opportunities to address their challenges. In any case, the principles greatly stress upon the need for participation and cons ultation between the Maori and the wider community and this clause therefore stresses upon that important need. 4) A bylaw is essentially a form of law or rule that is established by a community or organization in order to regulate itself. The law is usually established in accordance with some higher law or authority. Bylaws are normally different with other laws since their only apply to the entity within which they are established. In commonwealth countries, bylaws are regulated by the central governments of the countries and should therefore meet specific guidelines as specified by the law. 5) The constitution of New Zealand recognizes the three branches of government and clearly stipulates their core mandates. The constitution stresses upon the â€Å"separation of powers† and the three government organs are therefore independent in terms of operations. The legislature, judiciary and executive are nevertheless expected to work in collaboration in order to ensure compliance with the law. The function of the parliament is to make laws while the executive exercises these laws. The judiciary is an independent body that is mandated to interpret and ensure compliance with the laws in the country. The executives expected to consult the Judiciary on legislative and policy proposals. In the same way, the three organs are expected to respect the functions of one another in order to promote separation of power

Sparknotes Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close Essay Example for Free

Sparknotes Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close Essay This chapter introduces one of the primary motifs of Into the Wild, that of documents. Because the books subject, Christopher McCandless, has died before author Jon Krakauer can meet him, Krakauer must rely on the testimony of the people McCandless encountered in order to stitch together the story of the young mans journey — and especially on the documents McCandless left behind. The first of these documents is McCandlesss S.O.S. note. Others will include his journals, the notes he made in the books he read, graffiti he scratched into various surfaces, and photos he took of himself. To these Krakauer will add maps of the places McCandless visited, relevant quotations from a wide variety of authors, and even a brief memoir of the authors own young manhood, inserted near the end of Into the Wild. All of these enrich our understanding of McCandless and help us to believe that the amazing story we read in Into the Wild really happened. The fact that someone as articulate and effective at communicating as McCandless died alone, having written a kind of letter (the S.O.S. note) that went unread until it was too late, is an example of irony. Also ironic: McCandless, who encountered no one during the four months between his entrance into the bush and his death there of starvation, is discovered not by one fellow trekker but by five — all within days of McCandlesss death. Chapter 3 This chapter begins to explore the character of Christopher McCandless in depth. Far from being a stereotypical slacker, he was hard-working, according to Wayne Westerberg. The fact that he had read the long and difficult War and Peace indicates that McCandless was intelligent and studious. (Indeed, we learn as well in this chapter that he was a success at selective Emory University.) Most indicative of all with respect to McCandlesss character are the things he renounced: $24,000 and his very name. In doing so, he seems to have been rejecting his family and what he saw as their materialistic values. This information doesnt fully explain why Christopher McCandless would forge alone into the Alaskan wilderness, but it begins to address the motivation for this bizarre act. The fact that McCandless never told his parents what he planned to do could indicate a lack of resolve on his part, or even cowardice. It also shows that the young man thoughtful enough to present Wayne Westerberg with an inscribed copy of one of his favorite books was callous enough regarding his parents feelings to leave them in the dark regarding their sons whereabouts. Considering that he eventually would die of starvation, McCandlesss gift of $24,000 to OXFAM, an organization dedicated to fighting hunger, is an example of irony. Chapter 4 This chapter unearths additional motivation for McCandlesss irrational Alaska trek to come. During his time in Mexico, he lived on nothing more than five pounds of rice and what marine life he could pull from the sea, and Krakauer points out that this may have accounted for the young mans belief that he could live off the land in the Alaskan wilderness. (Undeniably, McCandless proves himself remarkably capable in this chapter, canoeing through hundreds of miles of hostile landscape and even crossing an international border undetected.) And yet other questions remain unanswered. His mother says that Chris was very much of the school that you should own nothing except what you can carry on your back at a dead run. She doesnt say why this is so, however. The motif of friendship emerges further in these pages, as McCandless, who earlier struck up a friendship with Wayne Westerberg, befriends Jan Burres and her boyfriend Bob. One of Into the Wilds many ironies: a young man compelled toward a solitary life, who eventually will die alone, was quite gregarious and made friends easily. Another irony: McCandless abandons a car, the only problem with which is a wet battery, and burns his cash — but quits a job when it becomes clear that he wont be paid for his hard work. He has a complicated relationship with money and possessions, to say the least. Chapter 5 In this chapter, a theme introduced when McCandless presented a copy of War and Peace to Wayne Westerberg reappears: the young mans abiding love of literature. Since childhood, he was obsessed with the novels and stories of Jack London, who condemned capitalism and glorified nature. According to Krakauer, however, McCandless forgot he was reading fiction and conveniently overlooked the fact that London himself had spent just a single winter in the North and that hed died by his own hand on his California estate at the age of forty, a fatuous drunk, obese and pathetic. Krakauer characterizes his protagonist more deeply by means of contrast with those who surround him: Note that even at the Slabs, where snowbirds, rubber tramps, and other antiestablishment types congregated, McCandless was an anomaly: an individual who wanted life to be not easier (as most of the habituà ©s of the Slabs presumably do) but more difficult. Thus he prepares at the Slabs for a life in the harsh wilderness of Alaska. Notice as well the extent to which author Krakauer relies on documents left behind by McCandless to tell the young mans story. During this part of his journey, he ceases regularly keeping a journal, and Into the Wild becomes sketchier, more reliant on authorial inference. Chapter 6 The theme of this chapter is the astonishing ability of Christopher McCandless to win friends and influence people. Not only did he befriend the octogenarian Ronald Franz, but he convinced the old man to change his ways fundamentally at a time in life when most people have settled down for good. It is important to understand that McCandless fled society not because he couldnt get along with others, but because he chose to be alone. The fact that McCandless achieved this effect by means of a letter speaks to the power of the written word. Remember that he was inspired to head into the wild by books he read (Tolstoys, Jack Londons, and others) — and that it is a magazine article which informs the hitchhiker Franz picks up at chapters end that McCandless has died, thus inspiring the old man to give up on life. Chapter 7 Regarding McCandlesss character, it is interesting — and of course believable — that he can be intelligent, hardworking, and resilient, yet lack mechanical dexterity and perhaps even common sense. While the former characteristic, his awkwardness with machines, is consequential in ways that he manages to recover from (as in the abandonment of his car), the latter, his difficulty being just plain sensible, will have a greater impact. McCandlesss rage toward his parents, and particularly his father, is something that many of those who meet him pick up on. It seems to be their lifestyle more than anything else that McCandless is rejecting when he flees the conventional middle-class American way of life, though why it so repels him is never made completely clear by Into the Wild. It is not uncommon for men and women of Christopher McCandlesss age to flee their parents particular ways of doing things (psychology even has a term for this dynamic: reaction formation), but rarely is the response so extreme, so complete. The degree of McCandlesss renunciation of his familys values is a large part of what makes Krakauers book so fascinating. Finally, there is something admirable about McCandlesss utter devotion to what he believes in. It is easy to be inspired by books and the ideas they espouse, but not so easy to live the kind of life envisioned by thinkers like Tolstoy and London. McCandless talks the talk in a way that alienates fewer listeners than one would predict, but he walks the walk, too — which may account for the fact that so many of those he encountered continued to listen. Chapter 8 This chapter offers context for, and thus perspective on, McCandlesss situation. By quoting from some of the many outraged responses to his article, Krakauer shares with the reader the typical reaction to McCandlesss story: smug superiority laced with disbelief that anyone could be so foolhardy. And yet, as the examples of Rosselini, Waterman, and McCunn demonstrate, McCandless is hardly the only individual impelled to live off the land in the Alaskan wilderness. At the same time, these others provide Krakauer with an opportunity to highlight McCandlesss uniqueness; the author characterizes him by contrast with his predecessors. Similar to Rosselini and Waterman, Christopher McCandless was a seeker and had an impractical fascination with the harsh side of nature, the author writes. Like Waterman and McCunn, he lacked common sense. McCandless was unlike Waterman in that he was mentally stable. And in contrast to McCunn, McCandless didnt expect to be saved. Although he was rash, Krakauer summarizes, McCandless wasnt incompetent — he wouldnt have lasted 113 days if he were. And he wasnt a nutcase, he wasnt a sociopath, he wasnt an outcast. McCandless was something else. . . . A pilgrim perhaps. Chapter 9 This is a second consecutive chapter in which the author attempts to illuminate McCandlesss character by comparing and contrasting it to those of his predecessors. In doing so, Krakauer further convinces the reader that although McCandless was unique, the impulses that drove him were not unprecedented. Nor are these impulses an exclusively American phenomenon. In fact, although rare, the drive toward solitude crosses continents and millennia, as the example of the Irish monks demonstrates. Chapter 10 By flashing forward to McCandlesss death, Krakauer intensifies the drama of his story. He reminds us that McCandlesss adventure ends tragically. In addition, the author emphasizes the young mans connections to those whose lives he touched: friends Gallien and Westerberg, as well as MCandlesss relatives. The prior two chapters have emphasized McCandlesss commonalities with others who have sought adventure and solitude in the wild. This short chapter reminds us that, although it was not unique, McCandlesss story was noteworthy, newsworthy — it was covered not only in Alaska but in the national press. Chapter 11 This chapter asks more questions than it answers — and understandably, since the riddles it poses cannot be solved definitively. Are Christopher McCandlesss parents responsible for their sons death? Was his personality shaped by, or even inherited from, them? Could his parents have interceded and altered his behavior, thereby changing his fate? For that matter, what exactly was McCandless rebelling against, aside from middle class ennui? Also, wouldnt it have been more productive for him to have resumed his work on behalf of the homeless, hungry, or disenfranchised after college, instead of indulging his whimsical notions of (his own) survival? Chapter 12 Two factors emerge in this chapter that clearly contributed to McCandlesss flight into the wilderness — and his eventual death. First, Walt McCandless comments that Chris was good at almost everything he ever tried . . . which made him supremely overconfident. This bit of characterization goes a long way toward explaining McCandlesss bewildering lack of preparation for his Alaskan adventure. There is no evidence that he failed at much, if anything, during his childhood and adolescence, which may have exacerbated the hubris naturally felt by many young adults. As to why McCandlesss overconfidence found its outlet in a radical rejection of his parents bourgeois values — and his family altogether — the information that emerges in this chapter about his fathers double life could well have offered the motivation. Krakauer doesnt linger on this episode, but if nothing else, it seems to have provided the match that lit McCandlesss short fuse. Chapter 13 During the plane ride home with Chriss remains, his sister Carine eats every scrap of food the cabin attendants set in front of her. Soon afterward, however, she discovers she has no appetite and loses so much weight that friends think she has become anorectic. Chriss mother also stops eating, losing eight pounds. His father, Walt, responds the opposite way, putting on eight pounds. Though both compulsive eating and loss of appetite are not uncommon responses to stress and grief, it is hard not to see the McCandless familys food-related behaviors as connected to Chriss demise. It is as if Billie and Carine are identifying with him, feeling Chriss pain, while Walt is compensating for what killed his son — though none of them are doing what they do intentionally, or even consciously. Chapter 14 Up to this point in Into the Wild, author Jon Krakauer has maintained journalistic objectivity, or at least the appearance of objectivity. In this chapter he abandons that perspective. Note, however, that Krakauers integrity as a journalist is not compromised, since he is entirely up-front about the experiences he shares in common with his subject, McCandless. In fact, it would be more ethically suspect if Krakauer did not divulge that he had his own into the wild experience as a young man. Because of his candor, readers are able to take this into account when the author views McCandlesss activities with some sympathy. And as a result of reading this chapter and the one that follows, the reader moves closer to McCandless and his perspective. Not only Rosselini, Waterman, McCunn, and Reuss (as well as the Irish monks described) have shared McCandlesss impulses, but the author himself. Behavior that seemed utterly bizarre, at the start of Into the Wild, is becoming easier to conceive of with every successive chapter. Chapter 15 his chapter further develops the motif of fathers and sons, suggesting explicitly that sons often rebel against their fathers at the same time that they are powerless to resist paternal traits they have inherited. Clearly Krakauer believes that McCandless was driven to do what he did in large measure by his relationship with father Walt. And this is only part of what Krakauer believes he shared with McCandless. They also shared hubris. It is easy, when you are young, he writes, to believe that what you desire is no less than what you deserve, to assume that if you want something badly enough, it is your God-given right to have it. When I decided to go to Alaska that April, like Chris McCandless, I was a raw youth who mistook passion for insight and acted according to an obscure, gap-ridden logic. Which is not to say that Jon Krakauer believes his younger self to have been identical to Christopher McCandless in every respect. Krakauer says he wasnt as intelligent as McCandless and didnt possess his lofty ideals — but young Krakauer was also, crucially, a superior outdoorsman. Chapter 16 This chapter, the heart of Into the Wild, reconstructs McCandlesss climactic Alaska adventure, following him into the bush and observing his admirable survival skills. Although Krakauers book is an adventure story, Into the Wild is also a study in character, and Chapter Sixteen is no exception. McCandless is revealed in the moose episode to be highly ethical and deeply sympathetic; the reader cannot help being moved by the enormity of the young mans despair over wasting his kill. By the same token, McCandlesss lack of foresight and his hubris, apparent in a low-level way prior to this time, now yield consequences that will be fatal. He did not anticipate that melting snow would swell the bodies of water he crossed on his way into the bush. And his arrogant refusal to bring a map prevents McCandless from learning that, despite its increased size, the river is fordable upstream — another in a series of ironies that punctuate this book Chapter 17 The ironies multiply in this, the books penultimate chapter. The basket that Krakauer and his companions discover at the U.S.G.S. station has been secured by hunters to the side of the river on which McCandless camped so as to make crossing the Teklanika harder for outsiders. If hed known about it, the author writes, crossing the Teklanika to safety would have been a trivial matter. Because he had no topographic map, however, he had no way of conceiving that salvation was so close at hand. In another irony, McCandless was close to not only the abandoned gauging station but three empty hunting cabins, as well. Did he really go into the wild after all? Undoubtedly he was living in a hostile environment during the months he spent in Alaska, but some wouldnt call the area he inhabited the wilderness at all. Chapter 18 Did McCandless finally come to forgive his family, as evinced by the HAPPINESS ONLY REAL WHEN SHARED inscription he wrote toward the end of his life? Perhaps — but note that in all of his writings, there is nothing that explicitly reaches out to his parents or his sister, Carine. McCandless never acknowledges them, even to say goodbye. Note, too, that Krakauers theory on McCandlesss death, that it was caused by mold on wild potato seeds, is just that: a theory. It is not definitive. To some degree it is beside the point anyway, since one could argue that it wasnt so much starvation that killed McCandless as arrogance and shortsightedness.

When Excessive Force Becomes Police Brutality Sociology Essay

When Excessive Force Becomes Police Brutality Sociology Essay There has been an increase in cases of police brutality in recent times. Many people have been injured or have lost their lives due to police brutality in different places in the world. According to Fitzgerald (2007), police brutality can be defined as instances when the police use excessive force against people when undertaking their duties. Different authors have discussed this issue at length and have documented evidence of police brutality in order to discourage the practice. â€Å"Jill Nelson† who has edited the book â€Å"Police brutality: an anthology† is one such person who has assembled several essays which discuss the issue of police brutality at length in the book. This paper aims at analyzing the book â€Å"Police brutality: an anthology† by Jill Nelson. The paper will address the major issues raised by the authors and their conclusions. It will also critique the book and give a personal evaluation at the end of the paper. Book review: Nelson, J. (2001). Police brutality: An anthology. New York: W.W. Norton Co. Publishers Synopsis The authors discuss the issue of police brutality in the American society at length. Different academics, activists, writers and intellectuals have written essays which discuss the issue of police brutality. They have also linked police brutality to racism in the United States (Nelson, 2001: 44-45). The authors trace the history of police brutality to the slavery period and its practice to the modern day society. They then link the incidences of police brutality with racism. They do this through providing readers with evidence on races which experience most forms of police brutality. These races mainly include the black race, although minority races are also seen to be victims of police brutality. â€Å"Professor Katheryn Russell† explains that the police link the black community to cases of criminal activities (Nelson, 2001: 10). It is on this basis that the police use brutality when dealing with the black race. Most of the essays which are discussed in the book share certain features and these are explained as follows; the first is that most of the interactions between the police and minority groups feature abuse of police powers though this is often not noticed. The second feature is that investigative profiling has been taken advantage of by the police to harass young black males. Since there is a perception that most criminals are black, the police take advantage of that to stop and harass many young black people (Nelson, 2001: 43-46). Finally, the book gives recommendations on what should be done to discourage police brutality. Different authors give different suggestions on the issue. Some authors view tougher laws against police brutality as the solution to the problem. Others view more cooperation between the public and the police force as the solution to the problem of police brutality. Summary of book The book begins by giving a historical overview of cases of police brutality over the years. Several cases, most of which occurred in the 1990s are briefly discussed. These include the brutal murder of Amadou Diallo and beating of Abner Louima in New York. Amadou Diallo was shot nineteen times by four New York police officers even though he was unarmed. Abner Louima on the other hand was severely assaulted and sodomized with a broken broom by New York police officers. This happened after he engaged them in a confrontation (Holmes Smith, 2008: 3). The authors analyze the issue of police presence around the black community from the slavery era to the modern times. Historically, there are several instances where police descended on black people using excessive force. During 1900, police beat up black men due to a rumor that a white policeman had been murdered by a black man. The authors explain that police brutality usually involves beatings and use of pepper sprays. It also involves the use of defamatory language and other forms of excessive force when the alleged crime and perpetrator does not warrant the use of the same according to the principle of ‘use of reasonable force. However, there is another aspect to police brutality which is usually ignored. This occurs when racism is committed, and other officers act indifferently, or do not take any measures to prevent police brutality. According to Banks (2004: 44-47), these officers are similarly guilty of police brutality. The authors acknowledge that in recent times, the issue of police brutality over the black population, especially in instances where black policemen and women mete out violence against the black community, is becoming an issue of concern to the white population. This is especially due to the perception that police brutality is a threat to democracy. In conclusion, some authors such as â€Å"Derrick Bell† give suggestions on how the issue of police brutality should be tackled. These include community policing which makes all races have confidence in the ability of the police to perform their work effectively. It involves mutual partnership between the general public and the police. The authors also suggest hiring more black policemen in order to give the black race confidence in the efficiency of the police force and reduce fear of police harassment. Other remedy techniques include mediation when solving complaints by the public against the police, as opposed to only punishing guilty police officers. This is effective since mediation ensures that the two parties have a cordial relationship. Finally, some authors are of the opinion that tougher laws which curb police brutality ought to be passed in order to discourage the practice and restore confidence in the police force. Critique All of the contributors to the articles are either academics, activists, writers, intellectuals or police officers. These are people who have knowledge and experience on the issues which they discuss (Greene, 2006: 890-896). Since they are experts in their own fields, this means that the information which is presented in the book is highly credible. The fact that the information discussed is supported by facts increases the validity of the conclusions made. It also reduces the instances of errors. The research carried out is elaborate, and unlike many other books which rely on secondary research, many facts stated in the book originate from past historical events which are factual and well known. However, it is important to note that all secondary information sources have certain weaknesses. There is a likelihood of bias and error which originates from the researchers. If any of the contributors to the essays was biased in passing judgment or making conclusions, then the bias will be replicated in the book and conclusions made may be inaccurate. However, since the contributors are credible people, chances of such bias occurring are very low. One weakness which may be seen in this book is that it appears to have a one-sided argument. The authors appear to give more weight in instances where police use brutal force against the black race. She therefore neglects cases where brutal force is used against the white race and other races (Cothran, 2001: 64-65). Some people view the cases of police brutality over the black race as isolated cases. These should therefore not be used to generalize the trend as the general police behavior. After all, there are many cases of police brutality when dealing with the white race. In other cases black people are treated similarly to other races. Personal Evaluation Police brutality is a problem which has been experienced over several generations. Although there are arguments that the book may be one sided and biased against the white race, there is evidence that information presented is true. The number of incidences of police brutality against the black race compared to that against the white race points to bias against the black race. It is true that many policemen and women treat all races equally when undertaking their duties. However it is equally impossible to deny that there is a significant proportion which is biased over the black population and this is something which has been observed historically In order to rectify this problem, more needs to be done to restore confidence by the black community on the fairness of the police. There needs to be more cooperation between black people and white police officers in order for this vice to be broken. This can be achieved through community policing as well as mediation of disputes between the black race and the police (Gerdes, 2004: 184-187). In order to prevent a few rogue policemen and women from tarnishing the name of the police force, tough laws need to be passed in order to discourage police brutality over any race. In my opinion, the book is suitable for a wide range of audience. Students especially in law will find the book very useful since it will present weaknesses which are present in the current justice system. The book will also be very useful to law makers since it provides them with information on weaknesses in the justice system. It will also give them information on racism and this may guide them in making future laws which govern justice. The general public will also find the book insightful since it will present a link between police brutality and racism. This is a perspective which is important to understand if racism is to be eliminated from the American society. References Banks, C. (2004). Criminal justice ethics: theory and practice. New York: SAGE Cothran, H. (2001). Police brutality: opposing viewpoints. Michigan: Greenhaven Press Fitzgerald, S. (2007). Police brutality. Michigan: Greenhaven Press Gerdes, L. I. (2004). Police brutality. Michigan: Greenhaven Press Greene, J. R. (2006). The encyclopedia of police science. Washington: CRC Press. Holmes, M. D. Smith, B. W. (2008). Race and police brutality: Roots of an urban dilemma. New York: SUNY Press Nelson, J. (2001). Police brutality: An anthology. New York: W.W. Norton Co. Publishers

Jim Jarmusch’s Film Deadman, as a Manipulated Western Essay -- Movie F

Jim Jarmusch’s Film Deadman, as a Manipulated Western Director Jim Jarmusch’s film Deadman displays many of the accepted conventions for Western genre films, but manipulated in such a way as to create a revisionist, rather than a classical, western. The most obvious example of this manipulation are the characterizations of the hero, William Blake, and his Native American partner, Nobody. Blake is an awkward easterner who travels westward unaware of the different rules governing western life, instead of the rugged, knowledgeable outdoorsman who â€Å"does what he has to do† to defend justice and honor. Nobody’s character is unusually independent, educated, and kind towards Blake, instead of the traditional Western genre’s violent, unintelligent Indian. The viewer is first introduced to Blake as he takes the long train ride from Cleveland to Machine. As the characters around him become more rugged and â€Å"western,† the viewer sees that Blake is clearly from the east, and out of place among the westerners. As he enters the town of Machine, he stands out like a sore thumb with his plaid... Jim Jarmusch’s Film Deadman, as a Manipulated Western Essay -- Movie F Jim Jarmusch’s Film Deadman, as a Manipulated Western Director Jim Jarmusch’s film Deadman displays many of the accepted conventions for Western genre films, but manipulated in such a way as to create a revisionist, rather than a classical, western. The most obvious example of this manipulation are the characterizations of the hero, William Blake, and his Native American partner, Nobody. Blake is an awkward easterner who travels westward unaware of the different rules governing western life, instead of the rugged, knowledgeable outdoorsman who â€Å"does what he has to do† to defend justice and honor. Nobody’s character is unusually independent, educated, and kind towards Blake, instead of the traditional Western genre’s violent, unintelligent Indian. The viewer is first introduced to Blake as he takes the long train ride from Cleveland to Machine. As the characters around him become more rugged and â€Å"western,† the viewer sees that Blake is clearly from the east, and out of place among the westerners. As he enters the town of Machine, he stands out like a sore thumb with his plaid...

Gestational Diabetes Essay example -- Health, Diseases

Along with all the worries and complications a woman might face while pregnant, one of the more serious conditions is gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes occurs in 4% of all pregnancies (Seibel, 2009). Many women are not informed about the disease, some may not know that they need to be tested, and others may have heard about it, but want more information on what may cause it and/or how to prevent and treat it. Either way this disease needs to be taken seriously by every pregnant woman or woman planning to get pregnant to protect not only herself but the unborn child. Gestational diabetes is a disorder characterized by impaired ability to metabolize carbohydrates, usually caused by a deficiency of insulin resistance, occurring in pregnancy (Seibel, 2009). After the baby is delivered the disorder disappears but in few cases it has returned as type 2 diabetes. There are many factors that increase the risk in women to acquire the disorder, being overweight prior to becoming pregnant, a family history of diabetes, having too much amniotic fluid, and having sugar in your urine are just some of them (Namak, 2010). During a normal pregnancy tissue resistance to insulin is present, and weight gain and presence of placental hormones can contribute to this insulin resistance ( Gutierrez, 2007). Pregnant women require two to three times more insulin than a woman who is not pregnant, and the insulin production and increased tissue resistance causes this glucose intolerance or increased blood sugar levels or gestational diabetes ( Gutierrez, 2007). â€Å"Almost all women have some type of impaired glucose in tolerance resulting from hormonal changes they go through during pregnancy. This means that their blood sugar levels may be higher... ...st twice the risk of developing diabetes compared to those who had breastfed (Doheny, 2010). Overall the study showed to be successful, but only for those women who breastfed all of their children for a month or longer. So with these studies it encourages women to take part in the well being of themselves and their unborn child by getting tested for gestational diabetes earlier than later. Gestational diabetes may only be a disease that last throughout a pregnancy, but it is very harmful to not only the mother but also can be for the unborn baby. It is important that gestational diabetes is widely known and understood because the earlier in the pregnancy the patient knows the better. Gestational diabetes can be extremely harmful so it is nothing to take lightly; patients have to know that they must follow the instructions given to prevent the disease to worsen.

Patriot :: essays research papers

THE PATRIOT FADE IN: EXT. THE SWAMPS OF SOUTH CAROLINA - NIGHT Dark. Ominous. Kudzu hangs from the swamps maples. A dark and forbidding place. A bird CRIES EERILY in the darkness. Insects HUM ominously. SUPERIMPOSITION: FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR A detachment of French soldiers with several wagons makes it's way along a muddy road cut through the swamp. The soldiers are wary, scanning the underbrush, weapons ready. In the swamp, parallel to the road, SHADOWED FIGURES, hidden among the brush, silently track the French soldiers. As the lead wagon rolls over a muddy puddle, straddling it, a MUD-COVERED FIGURE, reaches up, grabs the wagon's undercarriage, pulls itself up and clings, unseen to the underside of the wagon. The figure, obscured by the mud, barely looks human. As the other wagons roll over other muddy depressions in the road, three more mud-covered figures reach up, grab and cling to the underside of other wagons. FORT CHARLES The gates are opened. The relieved French soldiers quicken their pace and hurry into the relative safety of the fort. In the fort yard the weary detachment disperses. UNDER THE LEAD WAGON The first dark, mud-covered figure silently drops to the ground and draws a distinctive TOMAHAWK from his belt as the other figures drop from the other wagons. The figures crawl through the shadows toward the sentries who are closing the main gates. THEY SPRING... the lead figure dashes forward, raises his TOMAHAWK and HACKS DOWN at a TERRIFIED FRENCH SENTRY... The other muddy figures join the attack... stifling the screams of the French soldiers with VICIOUS KNIFE SLASHES... gaining precious seconds... A FRENCH SOLDIER CRIES OUT... sounding the alarm... other FRENCH SOLDIERS come running out of the darkness... The four muddy figures, make a stand at the gate, brutally killing the French soldiers as they come, holding the gates open as... Dozens of other muddy figures race out of the surrounding swamp, tearing through the fort gates, joining the slaughter... The lead figure, HACKS, again and again with his tomahawk... Blood and flesh cover his arm as the vicious blade rises and falls amid the SCREAMS in the darkness... DISSOLVE TO: EXT. SOUTH CAROLINA COUNTRYSIDE - DAY Beautiful sunlight. AERIAL SHOT of a post rider galloping along a road through peaceful untamed woodlands. Soaring old-growth elms arch over riverside maples along the shores of the gently curving, deep-water Santee River. SUPERIMPOSITION: SOUTH CAROLINA April, 1776 The post rider rides along a raised swamp road. On either side of the road, gorgeous shafts of sunlight pierce the canopy falling onto soft, swaying ferns that cover the high grounds. Hundreds of BIRDS SING. The water is clear, with fields of floating lily pads, each with a stark white flower rising from it. EXT. FRESH WATER PLANTATION - DAY

Extraction of Trimyristin

Trimyristin is an ester with the chemical formula C45H86O6 that can be isolated from the common spice nutmeg. The seed of the evergreen trees in the genus Myristica Fragrans is what nutmeg is obtained from. Trimyristin is the triglyceride of myristic acid also known as saturated fat (3). The phase of trimyristin is solid and is only found soluble in dichloromethane, chloroform, ether, benzene, and ethanol (1). Only twenty to twenty-five percent of trimyristin makes up the mass of nutmeg and it is formed from the glycerol and saturated carboxylic acid (2).Like most extractions, isolating trimyristin is complex considering a variety of products are extracted in the solvent. * Method: * Extraction of Trimyristin: First the sand bath was set to about 40o C. In the meantime 1. 00g of ground nutmeg was weighed out and transferred to a 25mL round bottom flask. Then 10 mL of methylene chloride and 2 boiling chips were added to the round bottom flask. The round bottom flask was then connected to an air condenser and lowered onto the sand bath.The solution was allowed to boil gently for 30 minutes until it was removed and set aside to cool. After it cooled the nutmeg residue was filtered from the methylene chloride using a Hirsch funnel containing a methylene chloride moistened filter paper. A minimal amount of methylene chloride was then used to wash any excess residue out of the round bottom flask and into the filter. The filtrate was then transferred into a clean, dry, and tarred Erlenmeyer flask.The Erlenmeyer flask was then placed on a hot plate set between 50oC to 100oC inside the fume hood until the solvent evaporated into a yellowish oily solid. The solid that remained was then weighed. * Recrystallization of Trimyristin: Acetone was added in 1mL portions to the Erlenmeyer flask that contained the solid. During the same time, the flask was warmed on a sand bath in order to dissolve the solid. Then it was allowed to slowly cool to room temperature and placed into an ice bath for 10 minutes.The crystals were collected by vacuum filtration and were allowed to dry. * Analysis: After the crystals were dry the solid was weighed and then the melting point was determined using a Melt-Temp machine. * Results: Lab Components| Mass (g)| Volume (mL)| Nutmeg| 1. 00g| –| Flask and Testube| 83. 47g| –| Flask, Testube, and Filtrate (initial)| 90. 54g| –| Filtrate (initial)| 7. 07g| –| Erlenmeyer Flask| 74. 14g| –| Erlenmeyer flask and Filtrate (final)| 74. 41g| –|Filtrate (final)| 0. 26g| –| Acetone| –| 1. 00mL| * These results show all the measurements that were taken from everything used in order to determine the analysis of the trimyristin extracted which is shown below. * Analysis: Weight of Trimyristin| 0. 1g| Melting Point of Trimyristin| 53. 2oC – 54. 3oC| % of Trimyristin extracted| 10%| * Conclusion: During this experiment methods of vacuum filtration and recrystallization were used to extract trimyristin from the spice nutmeg.When trimyristin was successfully extracted there was a low percentage (10%) of the amount extracted but it had a melting point that was almost exact to the actual melting point of trimyristin which is 53oC-54oC. The experiment was performed successfully for the most part, disregarding a few minor mistakes made in the procedure. These mistakes didn’t interfere with the outcome of the experiment but could have improved the performance of it. For instance, it took a long time for the solvent to evaporate because the hot plate was set at too low of a temperature.

Competitive strategy of wine industry Essay

The wine may appear to be a simple drink with limited variation available, has turned into a multibillion dollar a year industry with enormous variation and an increasingly sophisticated consumer base. The variation available and changes in the age groups who are becoming the major markets for wine producers have created visible market trends that cannot be ignored. These trends also affect the global market. Focusing on market scale and branding expertise, these opponents have capitalized on the globalization of the wine industry. Recently, more and more wine production is taking place in â€Å"New World† regions such as parts of Australia, Chile, and the United States, which have gained a strong comparative advantage in the wine industry. Another problem is that some wine firm (usually French or Italian) are not capable to satisfy the demand of country such as China which has a huge population and even if the people who drink wine are not a lot the level of wine consumption is increasing and as a consequence the amount of export is growing as the graph below shows. Source: All material  ©2010 – 2012 Twisted Pine Productions. Imports of bottled wine in China increased by 94% year-on-year (y-o-y) to US$1. 27bn in 2011, according to data provided by the China Culture Association of Poetry and Wine (CCAPW). According to CCAPW, the total volume of imported wine climbed 76. 5% y-o-y in 2010, while it increased by 80. 9% y-oy in 2011. CCAPW also revealed that sales of domestically produced wine grew 36. 3% y-o-y to CNY34. 2bn (US$5. 4bn) in 2011. Wine continues to be dominated by domestic brands, and although imports from major producing nations such as France have grown, they remain beyond reach in price terms for all but the most affluent of Chinese consumers. As a consequence of these barriers, winemakers from leading winemaking countries have entered the Chinese market via joint ventures, providing expertise and advice to local vineyards, thus finding a means of capitalising on this growing market. It’s very important distinguish the industry of wine in 2 main category: Small producer: who has high prices, low level of competitors but low production capacity; focused on niche Big producer: who has medium/low prices, more competitors and high production capacity; focused on economies of scale Rivalry Barriers to Entry: The wine industry represents substantial barriers to entry. The most significant of these barriers is the price of land. Prices of land for vineyards has risen sharply. Along with the initial investment in land, there is a large capital investment in equipment. There are requirements for processing facilities and for storage facilities of large barrels of wine. Time is also against the new comer to the wine industry. It will often take years of aging before a wine can be brought to market making the return on investment very slow. Degree of Rivalry: The wine industry is an industry with many competitors. A high number of competitors suggest that price competition is very high. Along with the high number of competitors, there is also substantial consolidation of larger brands. Companies such as Foster Brands, Constellation, and Gallos have been purchasing smaller wineries and often have brand portfolios with as many as one hundred plus wine brands in the portfolio. These larger producers are using their power to push smaller manufacturers off the shelves. Power of Buyers: Buyers in the wine industry can be grouped into two categories, distributors and retailers. The distributor market has undergone intense consolidation with the five largest liquor distributors having over thirty percent of the market. The retailers also have a great deal of power over producers. The two largest wine retailers are Costco (with 10%) and Wal-Mart (with 9%). Threat of Substitutes: Brand loyalty is depend of the country, there are some countries accustomed to the use of wine which have acquired expertise allowing to learn about wine and to be loyal to a certain producer. Though there are other customers, such as Americans which has not the knowledge of the product that may be loyal to a certain product such as a merlot, they do not care who makes it. Supplier Power: There are several suppliers. One supplier is the vineyards. These vineyards lack power, the global market has been flooded with grapes from California, Australia, and several other countries. With all of these pressures, there is very high competition and low power of suppliers. Other suppliers such as bottlers are also easily substituted so they lack significant buying power. Conclusion regarding rivalry: The problem with the wine industry is the consolidation of distributors and buyers. With so much power in the hands of buyers, a winery needs to be large so that they cannot be pushed around by the buyers. This is why many small wineries have consolidated; they need to be larger to gain bargaining power. key success factors in the wine industry BEING DIFFERENT J. Lapsley and K. Moulton [2001] explain in their book â€Å"Successful Wine Marketing† how crucial it is that wine products seek a real identity. An appellation’s success is based on its ancestral and rigorous attributes, and of course, on the grower’s competence. A newer approach consists of developing branded wines and assuming that a brand conveys a particular identity derived from its specific competitive positioning and astute advertising. SEGMENTING THE MARKET The advantage of having real market segmentation is that consumers can be grouped homogeneously. This helps to improve the efficiency of any commercial actions undertaken. McKinna [1987] showed that wine consumers could be classified into four main market segments: connoisseurs (25%), students (51%), new consumers (10%), and bulk consumers who drink wine served in boxes, etc. (14%). These averages may cover significant national variations. The market breakdown will vary depending on whether the country in questions is â€Å"Old World† and accustomed to well established benchmarks like appellations, or â€Å"New World† and more spontaneously interested in specific branded wines or grape varieties. MOVING CLOSER TO THE MARKET Mudill, Riding, Georges and Haines [2003] have highlighted distribution channel concentration as the key variable in the world wine market. Like wine producers, actors in these channels have engaged in countless mergers and acquisitions in their attempts to gain more power vis-a-vis the major retailers and to shorten the logistics chain. In many sectors of activity, value added has steadily moved downstream, benefiting retailers instead of entrepreneurs who are in the process far upstream. This has triggered a merger-mania with companies trying to move as close as possible to the end user by eliminating intermediaries. FINDING A DIFFERENT WAY TO COMMUNICATE It is known that amongst the various marketing mix tools available to wine sector product managers, communications [advertising] plays a role that is clearly important. Furthermore, although one of communication’s main goal is to attract new (and often young) consumers. The Internet can help sponsors here by providing an additional vehicle for media communications. Kehoe and Pitkow [1996] have clearly shown that the Web targets a mainly male population that is relatively young, influential, and which enjoys above-average education. Their E-commerce has increase sales by 11% in the year 2011. Conclusion To achieve a good ranking in the wine industry it is necessary to analyze the own product, the global market and figure out what yours goals and objectives are. After having settled this, follows the development of an international strategy. Srategy suitable for the wine industry In the wine industry, the used strategies change depending the dimension of the companies. In the small company is recommended use the home replication strategy, selling the same products in both domestic and foreign markets, having a strong name and characteristic to loyalty a specific consumers grouped in a niche. Instead in the big companies is recommended penetrate the market using a transnational or even global strategy since rivals are the same in most country markets so there is a strong competitiveness that has to be attacked by low costs and global standardization strategy. MARCO SIMONINI

An Inconvient Truth

Teachers PreparatoryTichina Class 10R2/19/13 Inconvenient Truth is a descriptive title because it explains the inconvenience towards our global warming problem; and puts the truth towards our planets slow destruction. What makes this a good title is because the truth that Al Gore explains to the viewers is current. He explains the relationship between all the weather changes and global warming and how it is affecting the natural world environment. The inconvenience part explains how discomforted it is towards our planet, people and nature.To explain the basics of global warming I can start off with saying that global warming is mainly caused due to the greenhouse gas pollution. Out in space the sun sends heat waves towards earth which makes earth livable. So when the sun rays are sent down some are supposed to be sent back to the sun creating a mini cycle. But outside of the earth there is an atmosphere of greenhouse gases surrounding the earth. Now that there are more factories more greenhouse gases are being sent up to the atmosphere making the layer of gas thicker.That is causing the sun rays to be trapped in the earth making the temperature rise. What makes the truth of our global warming problem inconvenient is that temperature rises are affecting the animals. In Al Gore’s movie he explains to you that cold environment like glaciers; North Pole, South Pole and Artic are melting slowly. Polar bears and other cold environment species are losing their homes. In his movie he shows you how some glaciers from 1990 till now are fully melted and turning to land or how they are slowly becoming heated.In my case everyone should know that it’s bad and it will only become worse. Another way is how the water temperature is starting to rise. If any hurricanes or water storms were to be created; it would be double the effect because as also stated in Al Gore’s video whenever you have a high water temperature it will increase the wind velocity in any storm making it bigger in size. With that said we can move on to diseases that are another way the truth of global warming is inconvenient.Diseases are a strong life taker and have a long history behind it. The way global warming comes in is that we had some strange heat waves that occurred and caused illness towards people. In 2012 we broke the record for the hottest heat wave. It affected many people through sickness and other different ways. In a previous article I read in class they said that in 2003 a deadly heat wave swept across Europe killing an estimated amount of 35,00 people. Heat waves like that could amp up heat-related illness.In conclusion, as you can see Inconvenient Truth is a descriptive title because it explains the inconvenience towards our global warming problem; and puts the truth towards our planets slow destruction. Global Warming is a serious incident and should be taken care of early before it amplifies in the future. With that said I hope I gave you a desc riptive, explained response of how Inconvenient Truth is a good title. What global warming is and how the truth of global warming is inconvenient.

Factors Affecting Essay

In this assignment is an explanation of genetic, biological, environmental and socio-economic and lifestyle that effect the development of an individual. Also using the case study of Emily there is explanation on 2 predictable and 2 unpredictable life events that could be affecting her now and the in the future. I will then be discussing the 2 sides to the nature –nurture debate, and then I will be evaluating how nature and nurture have affected the development of Albert and Alan as children and as adults. INTRODUCTION: Growth and development are different from one another, growth means increase in size or a mass of tissue and development involves the changes in some ability as well as some measured quantity of height, weight. Some of the emotional, social and intellectual changes in a lifespan could be described in terms of development. Maturation is different from growth and development; it is used when development is assumed to be genetically programmed sequences of change. Some of the facts that affect growth and development of a child are Children inherit some characteristic from parents i.e. parents who have intelligence are more likely to have with higher level intelligence. Daughters often reach menarche at roughly the same age as mother and will have a similar length of the menstrual cycle as their mother. Boys are generally longer and heavier than girls when born, Genetic disorders can affect both child growth and development. LIFE FACTORS THAT AFFECT DEVELOPMENT Development and growth are mainly dependent on many factors, which some will affect children and individuals more than others. Some of the factors can have a positive or negative impact on development and growth of individuals  in society. The factors that affect the development of an individual in society: BIOLOGICAL: foetal alcohol syndrome infections during pregnancy GENETIC: Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, rheumatic disease, brittle bone disease. SOCIO-ECONOMIC: income, employment and education ENVIRONMENT: pollution family dysfunction culture LIFESTYLE: nutrition and dietary choices, misuse of substances. All of which affect an individual’s physical, intellectual, emotional and social aspects of development and growth. GENETIC FACTORS The human body has a nucleus with 23 pairs of chromosomes inside it; one chromosome comes from the mother and another from the father. Each chromosome carriers units of inheritance known has genes it these genes that create the instructions for making a new individual. Genetic diseases are a large proportion of the total diseases that individuals have to burden, around 50% of deafness is due to genetics and around 40-50% of miscarriages are connected to genetic factors. RHEUMATIC DISEASE Individuals are more at risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis if they have relatives with the disease, but in some cases individuals can develop the condition without any one in the family having the condition. Rheumatic disease is a disorder that affects the inflammation of the joints and ligaments, bones and the muscles. Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with rheumatic disease the cause is not fully understood but the environment and genetic influences play a major part in the condition. It is an extremely painful condition for individuals who suffer with it; it causes swelling, damage to the cartilages and bones, joints. It mainly affects the smaller bones individuals’ feet, hands and wrists, the autoimmune process that contributes to the distress on the joints can also affect the eyes, lungs and skin, heart and blood vessels plus some other organs. It can affect the physical development of an individual who suffers with the disease, it can limit their day to day physica l movement due to the amount of pain they will experience; individuals who have restricted activities are more likely to suffer with depression as well. An adult could struggle to hold a job down  due to the time there would have to miss work. Rheumatoid arthritis can affect a child’s intellectual development due to the amount of time they will be absent from school due to the pain or hospital appointments. It will limit the time that they can use computers or game consoles due to the stiffness in their hands and wrists and have very poor academic attendance due to a flare up of the condition. Emotional development of an individual with the condition may be affected they may feel different from other individuals and children could be made to feel excluded because of the condition. Some could become depressed as they believe the disease is taking over their life completely and feel that they cannot cope anymore. Rheumatoid arthritis could also affect individuals social life as a flare up could cause them to miss out on certain social events with friends or work colleagues and the fact that they could have being admitted to hospital. At the moment there is no cure for condition but there is a number of treatments that could slow the condition down and keep joint damage to minimum, the earlier the treatment is started the more effective it could be for the individual. The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not completely understood but it is believed that genetic and the environmental issues influence the condition. CYSTIC FIBROSIS Cystic fibrosis is generally caused by genetic disorder, it is caused by a defective gene it is thought that about 4% of the population carry this gene in the UK alone. Has the gene is recessive children born to parents who carry the gene will not develop cystic fibrosis unless both parents are carriers. If both parents have the defective gene than there is a chance that they child will be born with the condition. Cystic fibrosis is a disorder that results in the production of a defective protein that can cause a buildup of sticky mucus forming in the lungs and digestive system of individuals. Other symptoms are a troublesome cough, repeated chest infections and poor weight gain these are not unique to individuals who suffer with cystic fibrosis. It is a complex disease that affects many different organs in the body. It’s quite common for individuals to experience some issues with lung function although not every sufferer will be affected. With physiotherapy and some medication can help to control lung infections and prevent the buildup of mucus that damages the lungs. Besides  affecting the lungs it can affect the pancreas due to the buildup of thick sticky mucus that blocks the ducts, which can reduce the amount of insulin that is produced and stopping the digestive enzymes getting to the intestines to aid digestion. This can lead to poor malnutrition, poor growth and some physical weakness and delayed puberty. Babies born with cystic fibrosis develop a bowel obstruction called meconium ileus that is present at birth or within the first few days, it’s a thick black material present in the bowel and it’s so thick that it blocks the bowel. Some individuals are prone to develop bone disease due to lack of nutrition, it can cause fertility problems but does not cause sexual impotency. Men with cystic fibrosis the tubes that carry the sperm are sometimes blocked causing infertility, cystic fibrosis in women can affect fertility due to being underweight and having irregular menstrual cycles and a thicker vaginal mucus. It can cause some blockage of the small ducts in the liver which can lead to liver disease; although this only affects 8% of individuals it is a serious health risk that could require a liver transplant. Social development of a child with cystic fibrosis they will find it hard to interact with other children due to a long period of absence from school, and in any other setting. The emotional development of a child with the condition is that they might become emotional distressed, suffer with mild depression and feel embarrassed because of the effects. Physical development of a child with cystic fibrosis is they are capable of taking part in physical activity such as play and some regular exercise, but with a persistent cough and difficulty in breathing they could become tired quickly need to rest more. Some children’s current health status might not allow them to take part in any activities, when they do will need to take frequent breaks to cough and have a drink. The intellectual development of a child with cystic fibrosis is due to a long absence from school extra help will be needed for them to catch up and some children might have special educational needs, but most of them are academically able to succeed like their peers. All sufferers with the condition should receive appropriate health care to enable them to live longer and healthier lives. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS Biological influences before birth have a dramatic influence on the development of a child, factors that could affect the development are if the  mother smokes, takes drugs or drinks a large amount of alcohol. One factor is if the mother drinks heavily during her pregnancy this will have a negative effect on the development of the baby and could cause foetal alcohol syndrome. FOETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME Foetal alcohol syndrome is more severe of the birth defects that are known as foetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Foetal alcohol effects is known as alcohol related birth defects which is the milder end of the condition, some of the conditions that are related is alcohol related neuro- alcohol during pregnancy. Foetal alcohol syndrome disorder is caused through pregnant women drinking alcohol during their pregnancy. Alcohol can affect the development of the fetus at any stage during the pregnancy including the earliest stages of pregnancy; the effects of alcohol during pregnancy may include physical deformity, some behavioral issues, damage to the central nervous system. According to National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (2001-2004), â€Å"FASD is the leading known preventable cause of mental retardation and birth defects, and a leading known cause of learning disabilities.† http://www.nofas-uk.org/. Accessed 23/6/14. Drinking during pregnancy is damaging for the unborn child and cause major social, emotional effects for the child’s life which cannot be out grown or treated. Alcohol during pregnancy can cause brain damage which can lead to a range of developmental, cognitive issues that will appear at any time during childhood. Individuals who have FASD quite often of issues with coordination, emotional control, school work and socialisation and struggle to hold a job. Often make the wrong decisions, trust the wrong people and difficulty understanding any consequences of their own actions. Babies born with FAS are normally a low birth weight are unable to suck effectively, some will be over sensitive to light any noise or touch will become irritable easily and are very slow to develop through the different stages of infancy. They are very vulnerable to other infections and have poor sleeping cycles or waking cycles some will be too stiff or floppy when being held. The physical features of babies born with FAS are their faces will be flattened; have a small upturned nose may have flattened philtrum and some have a thin upper lip. The physical development of a child with FAS are, will have problems with weight and height will tend to smaller than children  of an similarly age, will have a weak immune system leading them to prone to catch infections easily. Depending on the damage there could have a heart defect which cause them to take part in any kind of physical activity. Intellectual development of a child with FAS is there could have lower IQ or in some cases it could be higher than normal. Some children will have a degree of language disability or delayed language development will often have problems with communicating whether their development is delayed. Have Issues Memory which can lead to their educational achievements being extremely limited and are more likely to be in trouble during their education. Will develop poor relationships during their childhood and adulthood, will constantly be in trouble with the law due to mixing with wrong crowd. Could have immature behaviour due to the lack of social skills and because of the lack of control over their behaviour can affect any kind of social connect. All of which will affect their social development. Children can be very affectionate when around others but at more or less at the time be very hyperactive which can cause problems for teachers or other individuals in any situation. Due to them being hyperactivity their will need any kind of special attention from individuals during their lifespan. TOXOPLASMOSIS Toxoplasmosis is infection that is caused by a common parasite known as Toxoplasma gondii, which is found in different warm blooded animals such as sheep, dogs and humans which can be infected with tiny single cell of parasite. The parasite can only be passed on through the environment or food chain or if pregnant women infect her unborn child. It is very rarely that it is passed from human to human through any organ transplantation. In some cases toxoplasmosis doesn’t show any systems and an individual could be unaware that they are infected. In most healthy individuals the immune system is normally strong enough to prevent the parasite to cause serious illness. Individuals who have being affected with toxoplasmosis are most likely to be immune to further infections in their lifespan. So if a woman who has being previously infected becomes pregnant there should be no risk to the baby, a blood test would be needed to find out to see is she immune. Toxoplasmosis can cause lymph nodes to swell particularly in the throat and armpits, which can be like flu systems such as high temperature, muscles  aching, extreme tiredness and sore throat. During pregnancy the risk of developing toxoplasmosis is very low, â€Å"a 2008 study showed that in non-immune women (those who haven’t had the infection before), about 5 in 1,000 may get a toxoplasmosis infection.† http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Toxoplasmosis.(accessed 24/6/14). If a women does develop toxoplasmosis when she is pregnant or shortly after conceiving the risk is that she will pass it on to the baby, however if it is passed from mother to baby it is known as congenital toxoplasmosis. The risk of passing it on is greater in the third trimester with 70% of babies becoming infected, but in the early stages of pregnancy only about 15% of babies will become infected. Although the woman might not experience any systems herself, an infection that develops during the early stages can increase the likely hood of miscarriage during the first 23 weeks, it can also cause a stillbirth later on in the pregnancy. Babies born with congenital toxoplasmosis the systems vary depending when the mother became infected some systems are more severe if she was infected around time she became infected or during the first or second trimester. The baby could have hydrocephalus water on the brain, brain damage, epilepsy which is a condition that affects the brain and causes repeated seizures, some deafness growth problems and eye infections or reduced vision. They could also have yellowing of the skin known as jaundice and the white of the eyes, an enlarged liver or spleen and cerebral palsy that affects the brain or nervous system condition that affects the movement or co-ordination of a child. In some cases if the mother is infected during the last trimester and the infection is passed on the baby may not have any symptoms at birth, but complications could develop later on in life with the child developing reduced vision or some hearing loss even some learning difficulties. â€Å"New research is looking at other ways of diagnosing toxoplasmosis – for example, by identifying the DNA of the T. gondii parasite in samples of cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord). It’s hoped that this may be a quicker and more reliable method of diagnosis, and will help confirm whether the damage to the brain has been caused by toxoplasmosis rather than by another condition.† http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Toxoplasmosis/ (accessed 24/6/14). SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS Socio-economic factors that influence the development and growth of individuals in society, are income and expenditure the economic resources that a family has can make a major difference to the quality of life an individual has. INCOME Income can affect the development and growth of individual in society and can have a major difference in their quality of life. Income is the amount of money that the household receives weekly or monthly, it enables them to pay for their accommodation, buy food and clothes for the family. The main sources of income mainly come from wages for employment, benefits paid by the government or money that is raised from a sale of a property. Individuals who receive a low income may experience poverty and are the ones most likely to suffer with ill health and have opportunities restricted. A lack of income could mean to individuals that there will have a lack of resources and not being able to live in acceptable way in society. For some individuals it means that they are living absolute poverty. Many will find it hard to take part in the community which could lead to social exclusion. Most children that are born to families who experience some kind poverty may find it hard to escape and become trapped in the same situation has they develop into adulthood. A child living in a low income home will have low self-confidence and low self-esteem some will experience a poor diet due to the lack of funds to buy nutritional food. Will live in poor housing conditions and are more likely to sufferer with related health issues, caused through damp or mould. Will have parents who are extremely stressed over money issues have little chance of having the latest hi tech phones, computers games and expensive clothes. Will have limited access to books to help them with school work and because of the low income might not be able to do homework due to the family home being overcrowded so no place for them to study. http://www.poverty.org.uk/02/index.shtml?2 The graph shows the amount of individuals across the country who are living in low income households. EDUCATION Education factors that influence the development and growth of individuals in  society, is that individuals with little qualifications are more likely to be unemployed or in low paid work than others at the same age who have qualifications. Families have a major impact on children’s learning and educational development, a child’s academic progress and level of engagement at school could be affected by certain environments, the parents attitude towards education and how much involvement the parent has with child’s education i.e. helping with school work, volunteering in school and involvement in any school activities. The families’ ability to provide the appropriate learning environment at home could be limited due to lack of financial situation, the parent having attained low grades or mental health issues. Negative impact on education is that individuals will be put under pressure to leave school and earn money to ease the situation within the family. Schools in the neighbourhood could be disadvantaged from other schools they might lack valuable resources in the learning environment and have restricted space for children to play and the school could have a limited access to new technology and updated information. Peer groups can influence individuals during their education, attitudes and beliefs could be copied from who we mix with or at least from people we believe are the same as ourselves. Besides the family peer groups are seen as second source of social learning. Attitudes and values are influenced by the experiences people have had and the culture that they are exposed to will influence their educational experience. ENVIRONMENT FACTORS Environment factors that influence the development and growth of individuals in society, the environment that where individuals are brought up in or live in and the amount of pollution in the area. POLLUTION Pollution can influence the development and a source of ill health among every individual in society, decades ago with a lack of sanitation and poor sewage across the country resulted in many life threatening diseases such as cholera. Cholera is a bacterial infection caused by drinking contaminated water or food that has been in contact with contaminated water. Not all individuals who get infected will develop symptoms but those who do will experience severe diarrhea, a feeling of being sick and stomach cramps, which usually develop in a few days after infection. If left untreated an  individual can quickly become dehydrated and could go into shock due to a sudden drop in their blood pressure and in some cases could be fatal. The condition is mostly common now in the regions of the world that as poor satiation with no cases reported in England for years travelers who go abroad occasionally bring the infection back with them, from countries like Asia, Africa and the Middle East. â⠂¬Å"The World Health Organization estimates that there are between 3 and 5 million cases of cholera worldwide every year.† www.who.org.uk. (Accessed 23/6/14). Until quite recently before lead was removed from petrol or paint the concern was that lead pollution in the air could affect the brain development of a child, they are still issues today about air and water pollution. Lead is a naturally occurring basic element and a metal, lead pollution occurs because of the lead that’s in the atmosphere that effects the environment. Lead pollution primarily came from cars in the past and in the past the dangers were unknown. Lead poisoning could cause birth defects in unborn children and could kill a person if enough was in the body and some deposits of lead in soil can harm both humans and animals by absorbing into the Lead in the body cam damage internal organs individuals also can have damage to brain and the nervous system; it can also cause reproductive disorders or osteoporosis and in some cases can be fatal. With pollution still being affected now individuals in the cities are still at risk of developing lung diseases, it can affect a child’s physical development and cause respiratory problems in all individuals, and babies and children growth can be restricted and in some cases cause asthma. An individual’s physical and intellectual development could be restricted due to the pollution being so high, with being unable access social activities or attend education facilities due to ill health. HOUSING Poor housing conditions can delay development and growth in individuals in society and cause poor health conditions. Poor quality housing with damp and mould can increase the risk of individuals developing inflammatory diseases and asthma. Other problems such as poor lightening, lack of facilities over crowded areas and the pollution from traffic or industrial sites. The older generation on low income will worry over the cost of heating bills and are more likely to leave the heating off during snaps of cold weather. Children  in poor housing conditions are more likely to have increased risk of ill health and some disabilities through to early adulthood. Bad housing conditions are linked to debilitating and even fatal illnesses and accidents. Children in overcrowded conditions are more likely to suffer with meningitis; it is life threatening and leave long term effects as deafness, blindness and in some cases behavioral problems. Another illness that is linked to overcrowding is tuberculosis and it can lead to serious medical issues and some cases can be fatal. Their physical development will be affected due to the unfit conditions and are more likely to have respiratory problems such as coughing, wheezing and asthmatic. This will restrict their physical activities as they need to stop taking part because of medical conditions. For many children with the conditions mean they will lose sleep and miss school regularly. The intellectually development and growth of individuals especially children could be affected by overcrowding in a property, by having disturbed sleep from the noise either in the house or surrounding area, which could lead to them having little concentration in school. Social development could be affected due to high risk crime rate in the neighbourhood, individuals will be scared to leave their properties in case their attacked or broken into. With little social connect and communication people will be isolated and feel that they are not part of a community that they live in. which could lead to their emotional developmental being affected by becoming depressed, and unapproachable by other individuals in community. LIFESTYLE FACTORS Lifestyle factors that can have influence on the development and growth of an individual in society, is how an individual spends their time and money to create a better living. Some lifestyle choices will be influenced by their culture and individuals in their life. Many individuals develop habits that are connected to diet, exercise or alcohol whilst some will never choose a lifestyle but just seem to fall into one. SUBSTANCE MISUSE Substance is either illicit or prescribed drugs, alcohol or solvents misuse is the consumption of the substances which could be for dependent use or associated to having harmful effect on any individual in society. The department of health states that men should only have 4 units of alcohol a  day and women should have no more than 3 units. It is well documented that the younger generation of men and women lifestyle involves more than the recommended units with them drinking heavily on a daily basis. A national reported stated that men and women had stated that they had taken illicit drugs, roughly one out of three young men and one in five young women stated that they had used cannabis. All kinds of substance misuse is harmfully and can cause a number of health risks, the use of drugs, alcohol and solvents can cause individuals to have accident, unsociable behaviour crime and health issues including poisoning, or overdose. The use of more potential harmful drugs can cause individuals to have higher risks with their health and greater social risks in the community. Physical dependency is when the substance is used in order to feel good, or avoid feeling bad, this is done to avoid any physical discomfort and when it is used to avoid anxiety or mental stress it is known as psychological dependence. It is stated that children whose parents are misusing substances are at a increased risk of neglect, emotional and physical and sexual abuse either by the parent or because the child is vulnerable to others who misuse. Children’s physical emotional, intellectual and social developmental needs can be serious affected their parent’s misuse of substances. The physical harm could be if children have access to drug paraphernalia within the home, substance misuse in pregnancy can result in chemical dependency when born. Parents are putting children at risk by neglecting their needs concerning factors are children receiving inadequate supervision health appointments being used or advice not being sought. Children’s education disrupted and poor attendance at school due to them not attending regularly, because the parent is high on a substance. Children having no clear boundaries in the family home with the child sometimes assuming the role of the parent. They emotional and social needs will also be neglected as the parent will ignore them and not show them any kind affection. The only social development they will have is around other individuals who use substances in they life. PREDICTABLE AND UNPREDICTABLE EVENTS Predictable and unpredictable life events are influenced by a number of life factors and individuals are also influenced by the different events that happen. A number of changes in an individuals life can be predicted whilst  many others are unpredicted. An unpredictable event that could be affecting Emily now is moving to a new school after the recent divorce of her parents, she is finding the transition very difficult to cope with Physically she is finding it hard to adjust to the new surroundings of the school, since the move she has started suffering with panic attacks and eating less at meals times leaving her feeling weak and exhausted and unable to function in simply tasks. Intellectually since she missed quite a few weeks of schooling she has fallen behind the rest of the class adding to the stress. Her class work is starting to suffer in some areas and she is finding it hard to concentrate because of all of the upheaval and sadness leading to her working at a slower rate f rom the rest of the class. Although she has these issues she is spending time practicing on her sing and playing guitar by spending as much time as possible on her own. Emotionally Emily is becoming moody and angry very quickly with her mother as she blames her not having her father around anymore and she is becoming jealous of her twin brothers. As she believes that they are taking all the attention of her mother away from her. She feels that no one understands how she feels and this is affecting her confidence and feels unloved. She unhappy about the current situation she finds herself in and as started to be disruptive at home. Socially Emily is finding it difficult informing new friendships at school or near her home, she is becoming very isolated from her family by spending time in her room. She is wants to be with the friends she had at her previous school and home, and finding it hard to stay in touch with them. As a result of not forming new friendships easily it has knocked her confidence further and refusing to attend school or any other social situation. A predictable life event that could affect Emily in the future is leaving home, which could influence her development in adulthood. The physical development which will have a major impact on her as individual will be that she will have a change in her diet due to lack of cooking experience, learning to cook and have food that is high in nutrition will be positive experience and could influence her development in adulthood by trying other new experiences. Her intellectual development will be influenced through her having to take control of her own finances, paying all the bills and learning how to much her money till next pay day. Her emotional development could be influenced by her becoming more independent  and feeling that she as achieved something in her life. The negative side to emotional development is that she will feel she has lost the support of her family and become lonely. Developing new relationships will influences her social development as individual in society, and attending a community social group will boost her social contact and allow her to achieve her own independence as individual and have control over her environment. Another unpredictable life event could be the death of her grandmother that will affect her emotional wellbeing and social wellbeing. Emily will need to learn to cope with her loss of the person she thought the world off; she will have to come to terms that she will never see the person again and never be able to talk to her again. Her physical development will be affected as she will not have the energy to get up and do any physical activity during her grief. She will feel angry and unable to eat so will have less energy to do daily tasks, she will be weak and exhausted due to the lack of sleep and finding it hard to cope because of the loss with her practical help with her living activities. Her emotional development will be affected because she as lost the person who provided her with the emotional support she needed and that she was emotionally attached to. She will be struggling to keep her emotions under control and will become angrier at grandmother for leaving to cope on her own. Her intellectual development will be affected because she will be too tired to attend work or if still studying to attend any of her lessons due to lack of concentration and confidence due to her grandmother no longer reassuring her that she can achieve anything that she tries. Emily’s social development will be affected because of the lack of support in leisure and social activities since her grandmother supported her during these Emily would easily give them up and become isolated for the time been. Another predictable life event that could affect Emily in the future is marriage, she will need to learn how to look after someone else and cope with the loss of her dependence in society. Her physical development could be changed due to the demands on her life; she will need to learn to adjust her cooking ability, she might need to change her diet to more a nutrition and take apart in more physical exercise. Her intellectual development will change as she could lose control over her over her finances, she will need to learn how to share the bills and budget for things that are needed in the future. Emily will need to  learn to put money away for her retirement or for when they start a family. Emily’s emotional needs will change as well she will need to safe in making emotional attachments and to feel safe in experiencing any kind of intimacy for the first time, by not being embarrassed about her body or looks. She will need to confident and trust the person she has chosen to spend her life with. Emily social development will have changed now instead of doing things by herself she will have someone to share her personal experiences with. With having extended family her social life could be busy at times and more social connect will be demanded from them. the days that she felt isolated will no longer be present but occasionally she might wish for them days again. NATURE/NURTURE The nature verse nurture debate argues that individuals in society are to be the way we are whilst others argue that it is about the way we are brought up and what influences us that makes the way we are. Nature is biological genetic influences nurture is social, economic and the environmental influences. Nature refers to the traits that individuals inherit or genetic, its well documented that most of the human aspects of development are driven directly or indirectly by the persons genetic makeup. This is what determines eye, hair colour, skin type and some other characteristics that are derived directly from our genetic makeup. Heredity determines the physiological differences between females and males with many differences present at birth whilst over differences don’t present themselves till a child reaches puberty. It causes girls to reach puberty earlier than boys and causes boys to have more muscles and be taller than girls in general. Heredity accounts for all gender differences in boys and girls, boys are more likely to be physically aggressive a gene that is linked to them having increased levels of testosterone. Researchers have stated that hormones play a role in the differences in visual and verbal abilities among children. It states that boys are more likely to have higher visual abilities and girls will have higher verbal abilities. Nurture refers to all the environmental influences that occur after conception, meaning how individual is raised that drives their development. Including the level of attachment, their beliefs and values and how much attention is given to the environmental  influences, i.e. some cultures practice and promote gender specific behaviour. The environment and specific cultures state that some behaviours are more appropriate for males whilst others are more appropriate for females. Environmental influences on gender differences involve parents treating their sons and daughters diffe rently from each other, there are more likely to respond more daughters who have requested help whist their sons are encouraged to solve issues independently. Most parents encourage gender behaviour by offering specific toys such trucks and toy guns for boys, dolls and prams for girls. Example: any musical talent is affected by nature; all musical skills are normally in heredity from parents. So parents who have a musical talent have children who have a musical talent too and have the same characteristics. Elvis Presley was a very talented musician that sang and played the piano he was loved and respected by nearly everyone. He composed loads of songs that individuals still like to listen to today. He had a daughter named Lisa Marie who is famous in her own right, both had the same taste for music, but her father is more famous for his talent in rock and roll than she is. Her father might have influenced her a lot in this which involves nurture but the musical talent that she possesses comes from her father. Example: drug addiction. In the case of Lisa Marie Presley the environment had a massive influence on her life, as she was known to be the daughter of Elvis, due to the circumstances surrounding her upbringing and life style. The environment had an influence on her taking drugs due to her having a lack of privacy. ALBERT AND ALAN The strengths and weaknesses in the nature and nurture debate concerning Albert and Alan; The strengths of Albert and Alan are they both have the same colour eye and hair, and both are extremely tall. Both had a caring nature and were successfully in their chosen careers. Both were successfully at school and enjoyed playing physical sport. Albert achieved the grades that he was predicted in subjects where Alan achieved higher grades and stayed on to achieve more. Albert had many friends and associates had lived his life to the full extent where, and socialized more frequently compared to Alan who only had friends in the school environment didn’t socialize much outside the school environment. They different upbringings influenced them both in different ways Alan loved to have expensive things where as Albert  enjoyed the simple things in life. The weaknesses that the environment had on Albert and Alan are they both attend different types of schools, because of the environment influences Alan was able to attend university where as Albert had to leave school and work to help with supporting his family. The environment influenced them both to smoke during their life, but due to marriage Albert had given up and relatively good health until recently. Alan had continued to smoke all his life and his health suffered dramatically until his recent death. Both nature and nurture played a part in the influences of Albert and Alan life either in a good way or bad way. CONCLUSION With all the different aspects that can affect growth and development of individuals’ society, individuals need to be aware of the dangers that could affect them to develop during their lifespan. Even though nature and nurture play a vital role in the influences of individuals it is actually the individual who makes the choice of what route they take. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.cysticfibrosis.org.uk/about-cf/cystic-fibrosis-care/standards-of-care. http://www.nofas-uk.org/. www.who.org.uk http://www.poverty.org.uk/02/index.shtml?2 http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Toxoplasmosis/ http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/gender-differences-the-nature-versus-nurture- http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Cystic-Fibrosis